Penn State Researchers ID Evolutionary Origins of Coronavirus
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — By reconstructing the evolutionary history of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, an international research team of Chinese, European and U.S. scientists has discovered that the lineage that gave rise to the virus has been circulating in bats for decades and likely includes other viruses with the ability to infect humans. The findings have implications for the prevention of future pandemics stemming from this lineage.
“Coronaviruses have genetic material that is highly recombinant, meaning different regions of the virus’s genome can be derived from multiple sources,” said Penn State biology professor Maciej Boni. “This has made it difficult to reconstruct SARS-CoV-2’s origins. You have to identify all the regions that have been recombining and trace their histories. To do that, we put together a diverse team with expertise in recombination, phylogenetic dating, virus sampling, and molecular and viral evolution.”
The team used three bioinformatic approaches to identify and remove the recombinant genes – that is, genes from two different species in a host – within the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Next, they reconstructed evolutionary histories for the nonrecombinant genes and compared them to see which specific viruses have been involved in events that could lead to the genes being combined.
They were able to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between SARS-CoV-2 and its closest known bat and pangolin viruses. Their findings were published in Nature Microbiology.
The researchers found that the lineage of viruses to which SARS-CoV-2 belongs diverged from other bat viruses about 40 to 70 years ago. Importantly, although SARS-CoV-2 is genetically similar (about 96%) to the RaTG13 coronavirus, which was sampled from a horseshoe bat in 2013 in China’s Yunnan province, the team found that it diverged from RaTG13 a relatively long time ago, in 1969.
“The ability to estimate divergence times after disentangling recombination histories may lead to insights into the origins of many different viral pathogens,” said Philippe Lemey, principal investigator in the Department of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, KE Leuven in Belgium.
The team found that one of the older traits that SARS-CoV-2 shares with its relatives is the ability to recognize and bind to receptors on human cells.
“This means that other viruses that are capable of infecting humans are circulating in horseshoe bats in China,” said David L. Robertson, professor of computational virology at Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.
Will these viruses be capable of jumping directly from bats into humans or will an intermediate species be required to make the leap? According to Robertson, for SARS-CoV-2, other research groups incorrectly proposed that key evolutionary changes occurred in pangolins.
“SARS-CoV-2’s [binding] sequence has so far only been found in a few pangolin viruses,” said Robertson. “Furthermore, the other key feature thought to be instrumental to SARS-CoV-2’s ability to infect humans … has not yet been seen in another close bat relative of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. While it is possible that pangolins may have acted as an intermediate host facilitating transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans, no evidence exists to suggest that pangolin infection is a requirement for bat viruses to cross into humans. Instead, our research suggests that SARS-CoV-2 likely evolved the ability to replicate in the upper respiratory tract of both humans and pangolins.”
The team concluded that preventing future pandemics will require better sampling within wild bats and the implementation of human disease surveillance systems that are able to identify novel pathogens in humans and respond in real time.
“The key to successful surveillance,” said Robertson, “is knowing which viruses to look for and prioritizing those that can readily infect humans. We should have been better prepared for a second SARS virus.”
Boni added, “We were too late in responding to the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, but this will not be our last coronavirus pandemic. A much more comprehensive and real-time surveillance system needs to be put in place to catch viruses like this when case numbers are still in the double digits.”
Other authors on the paper include: Xiaowei Jiang, lecturer in bioinformatics, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University; Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam, assistant professor of public health, University of Hong Kong; Blair Perry, graduate student, University of Texas Arlington; Todd Castoe, associate professor of biology, University of Texas Arlington; and Andrew Rambaut, professor of molecular evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh.
Support for this research was provided by the European Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the Research Foundation — Flanders and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Source: Penn State News
Published by The Business Journal, Youngstown, Ohio.
